Invoking credibility has long been a favorite pastime for many foreign-policy luminaries in part because it provides a simple explanation for complicated international events that may lack a single answer. The obsession with credibility is hardly limited to the United States. The Soviet Union, for instance, partly justified its 1979 invasion of Afghanistan as a way to demonstrate its credibility to other Soviet-aligned governments and movements around the world. France’s president at the time, Nicolas Sarkozy, reportedly regarded France’s leadership role in the 2011 intervention against Libyan dictator Muammar al-Qaddafi as a way to shore up its reputation in the Arab world.
If international politics is all about maintaining credibility, then other factors that help us understand why leaders act the way they do—including individual psychology, the desire for prestige, or calculations related to the balance of power—can be ignored.
The war in Ukraine has occasioned much simplistic analysis along these lines. The examples are endless. Former Swedish Prime Minister Carl Bildt traced Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine to the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and opined that the Kremlin “took note” of Washington’s impatience and lack of staying power.
This January, Sen. Lindsey Graham asserted that Taiwan’s fate could actually hinge on the what happened on Ukraine’s battlefields. “If Putin gets away with this,” he warned, “there goes Taiwan.” Rep. Michael McCaul, the chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, echoed this same point during a television appearance: “If Ukraine falls, Chairman Xi [Jinping] in China’s going to invade Taiwan.”
Not one of these claims is supported by solid evidence. In fact, there is a substantial amount of scholarship on the significance of credibility, and the findings lead to the opposite conclusion. For instance, in Calculating Credibility, a seminal work on the subject, Dartmouth University professor Daryl Press concludes that leaders assess a nation’s credibility on whether it has the interest and power to deliver on a threat—not on what it did in the past in a completely unrelated context.
In short, what the U.S. government may or may not do in one region of the world tells us next to nothing about what it might do in another. The U.S. decision to extricate itself from a failing two-decade war in Afghanistan may therefore prove of little value in predicting how it might react were Russia to attack Eastern Europe.
To believe otherwise is not only misplaced; it’s dangerous, because such reasoning could lead the U.S. government to make choices—like continuing a war that it cannot win or intervening in conflicts that are of scant consequence to U.S. interests—that waste its resources, all in the name of credibility.