Texas @ San Francisco
Oracle Park
Team Table
Team |
W/L |
H/A |
$ |
RF |
RA |
Tot |
O/U |
TEX
|
68-47 |
28-27 |
1124 |
5.73 |
4.21 |
9.94 |
55-51 |
SF
|
62-53 |
33-24 |
-19 |
4.43 |
4.22 |
8.64 |
48-64 |
TEX vs SFHead To Head
Win / Loss
7-3
Head-To-Head
Date |
Home |
Result |
ML |
O/U |
TEX Starter (IP) |
SF Starter (IP) |
Jun 09, '21 |
TEX
|
4 - 3
|
TEX -104
|
u7.5 |
K. Gibson (6.0) |
Z. Littell (1.0) |
Jun 08, '21 |
TEX
|
9 - 4
|
SF -143
|
o8.5 |
J. Lyles (6.0) |
A. Wood (5.1) |
May 11, '21 |
SF
|
4 - 2
|
SF -142
|
u8.5 |
J. Lyles (5.0) |
L. Webb (6.0) |
May 10, '21 |
SF
|
3 - 1
|
SF -136
|
u7.0 |
K. Gibson (6.0) |
A. Wood (7.0) |
Aug 02, '20 |
SF
|
9 - 5
|
TEX +102
|
o9.0 |
K. Allard (4.0) |
J. Samardzija (5.2) |
Aug 01, '20 |
SF
|
7 - 3
|
SF -120
|
o8.5 |
J. Lyles (4.0) |
D. Smyly (4.0) |
Jul 31, '20 |
SF
|
9 - 2
|
SF +116
|
o8.0 |
M. Minor (5.2) |
L. Webb (3.2) |
Aug 26, '18 |
SF
|
3 - 1
|
SF -149
|
u8.5 |
Y. Gallardo (5.0) |
D. Holland (6.1) |
Aug 25, '18 |
SF
|
5 - 3
|
SF -147
|
u8.5 |
M. Perez (5.0) |
A. Suarez (7.0) |
Aug 24, '18 |
SF
|
7 - 6
|
TEX +153
|
o8.5 |
D. Hutchison (4.0) |
D. Rodriguez (6.0) |
Texas Record Last 10
Team - Last 10
Date |
vs |
Result |
ML |
O/U |
Starter (IP) |
Opp Starter (IP) |
Aug 09, '23 |
@
OAK
|
L 0 - 2
|
L -229
|
u8.5 |
J. Montgomery (6.0) |
A. Pruitt (2.0) |
Aug 08, '23 |
@
OAK
|
W 6 - 1
|
W -228
|
u7.5 |
M. Scherzer (7.0) |
J. Sears (4.0) |
Aug 07, '23 |
@
OAK
|
W 5 - 3
|
W -220
|
u9.0 |
D. Dunning (6.0) |
K. Waldichuk (6.0) |
Aug 06, '23 |
MIA
|
W 6 - 0
|
W -116
|
u8.5 |
A. Heaney (5.2) |
S. Alcantara (6.0) |
Aug 05, '23 |
MIA
|
W 9 - 8
|
W -137
|
o9.0 |
J. Gray (5.1) |
G. Soriano (3.0) |
Aug 04, '23 |
MIA
|
W 6 - 2
|
W -131
|
u8.5 |
J. Montgomery (6.0) |
J. Luzardo (5.1) |
Aug 03, '23 |
CHW
|
W 5 - 3
|
W -239
|
u8.5 |
M. Scherzer (6.0) |
T. Toussaint (5.1) |
Aug 02, '23 |
CHW
|
W 11 - 1
|
W -135
|
o9.0 |
D. Dunning (7.2) |
D. Cease (1.2) |
Aug 01, '23 |
CHW
|
W 2 - 0
|
W -175
|
u9.5 |
A. Heaney (6.0) |
J. Scholtens (6.0) |
Jul 30, '23 |
@
SD
|
L 3 - 5
|
L +167
|
u8.5 |
C. Bradford (3.0) |
B. Snell (5.0) |
San Francisco Record Last 10
Team - Last 10
Date |
vs |
Result |
ML |
O/U |
Starter (IP) |
Opp Starter (IP) |
Aug 09, '23 |
@
LAA
|
L 1 - 4
|
L +127
|
u8.5 |
R. Walker (1.0) |
S. Ohtani (6.0) |
Aug 08, '23 |
@
LAA
|
L 5 - 7
|
L -107
|
o8.5 |
S. Alexander (0.0) |
L. Giolito (6.0) |
Aug 07, '23 |
@
LAA
|
W 8 - 3
|
W -114
|
o8.5 |
L. Webb (5.2) |
P. Sandoval (6.2) |
Aug 06, '23 |
@
OAK
|
L 6 - 8
|
L -188
|
o8.0 |
A. Cobb (5.1) |
L. Medina (3.1) |
Aug 05, '23 |
@
OAK
|
L 1 - 2
|
L -165
|
u8.5 |
R. Stripling (5.1) |
P. Blackburn (6.0) |
Aug 03, '23 |
AZ
|
W 1 - 0
|
W -125
|
u8.5 |
S. Alexander (1.0) |
B. Pfaadt (7.0) |
Aug 02, '23 |
AZ
|
W 4 - 2
|
W -182
|
u8.0 |
L. Webb (7.0) |
S. Cecconi (4.2) |
Aug 01, '23 |
AZ
|
W 4 - 3
|
W -103
|
u7.5 |
A. Cobb (6.0) |
Z. Gallen (6.0) |
Jul 31, '23 |
AZ
|
L 3 - 4
|
L -137
|
u9.0 |
J. Junis (3.0) |
R. Nelson (6.2) |
Jul 30, '23 |
BOS
|
W 4 - 3
|
W +110
|
u8.0 |
S. Alexander (1.2) |
B. Bernardino (1.0) |
San Francisco Next 3 Games
Series Stats
Remaining Games - Series TEX @ SF
Date |
TEX Starter |
SF Starter |
Sat, Aug 12
21:05 ET
|
A. Heaney
L (9-6 4.14)
|
A. Cobb
R (6-3 3.3)
|
Sun, Aug 13
16:05 ET
|
D. Dunning
R (9-4 3.21)
|
L. Webb
R (9-9 3.38)
|
Series Game Records
Texas - series game records
|
Overall |
After Win |
After Loss |
Game 1 |
21-16 |
13-9 |
8-7 |
Game 2 |
22-15 |
13-8 |
9-7 |
Game 3 |
23-13 |
14-8 |
9-5 |
Game 4 |
2-3 |
2-2 |
0-1 |
San Francisco - series game records
|
Overall |
After Win |
After Loss |
Game 1 |
20-18 |
9-8 |
11-10 |
Game 2 |
21-16 |
13-7 |
8-9 |
Game 3 |
19-14 |
12-8 |
7-6 |
Game 4 |
2-5 |
2-3 |
0-2 |
Texas
Date |
vs |
W-L |
Home/Away |
Sun, Aug 13 - Sun, Aug 13 |
@
SF
|
79-83 |
45-36 H |
Tue, Aug 15 - Thu, Aug 17 |
vs
LAA
|
73-89 |
35-46 A |
Sat, Aug 19 - Sun, Aug 20 |
vs
MIL
|
92-70 |
43-38 A |
San Francisco
Date |
vs |
W-L |
Home/Away |
Sun, Aug 13 - Sun, Aug 13 |
vs
TEX
|
90-72 |
40-41 A |
Tue, Aug 15 - Wed, Aug 16 |
vs
TB
|
99-63 |
46-35 A |
Fri, Aug 18 - Sun, Aug 20 |
@
ATL
|
104-58 |
52-29 H |
TEX vs SF Starters Recent Games
Last 5
Date
Score
|
Line |
O/U |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
SO |
BB |
HR |
PIT |
P/IP |
GB:FB |
|
W -138 |
o9.0
|
5.1 |
6 |
5 |
3 |
6 |
2 |
0 |
77 |
14.4 |
0.7 |
|
L -113 |
o8.5
|
5.0 |
7 |
6 |
6 |
6 |
3 |
0 |
82 |
16.4 |
0.8 |
|
W -122 |
u9.5
|
4.1 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
63 |
14.5 |
1.5 |
|
W -132 |
o8.5
|
6.0 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
88 |
14.7 |
2.0 |
|
L -108 |
u10.0
|
6.0 |
9 |
4 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
0 |
94 |
15.7 |
3.5 |
Last 5 Avg. |
|
|
5.1 |
7.0 |
3.8 |
3.2 |
4.4 |
2.4 |
0.4 |
80.8 |
15.1 |
1.7 |
Last Vs San Francisco
Last Vs San Francisco
Date
Score
|
Line |
O/U |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
SO |
BB |
HR |
PIT |
P/IP |
GB:FB |
|
L +132 |
u11.5
|
4.2 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
5 |
0 |
2 |
85 |
18.2 |
2.0 |
|
L +126 |
u11.5
|
5.0 |
6 |
3 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
87 |
17.4 |
4.0 |
|
L +168 |
u8.0
|
4.1 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
69 |
15.9 |
1.5 |
Last 3 Avg. |
|
|
4.2 |
6.0 |
3.3 |
3.3 |
6.0 |
0.7 |
1.0 |
80.3 |
17.2 |
2.5 |
Last 5
Date
Score
|
Line |
O/U |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
SO |
BB |
HR |
PIT |
P/IP |
GB:FB |
|
L -101 |
o9.0
|
0.0 |
3 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
W -130 |
u8.5
|
1.0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
7.0 |
0.0 |
|
W -106 |
u8.0
|
1.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
9.6 |
2.0 |
|
L -114 |
u9.5
|
0.2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
16 |
24.0 |
0.0 |
|
W -131 |
u9.0
|
1.0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
8.0 |
1.0 |
Last 5 Avg. |
|
|
0.2 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
11.6 |
9.7 |
0.6 |
Last Vs Texas
Last Vs Texas
Date
Score
|
Line |
O/U |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
SO |
BB |
HR |
PIT |
P/IP |
GB:FB |
Scott Alexander has not played against TEX Rangers. |
All Pitchers
Team |
ERA |
AVG. |
OBP |
WHIP |
IP |
HR |
BB |
K |
Texas
|
4.06 |
.238 |
.305 |
1.23 |
8.2 |
1.1 |
2.9 |
8.1 |
San Francisco
|
3.87 |
.246 |
.306 |
1.23 |
8.2 |
1.0 |
2.5 |
8.5 |
Starters
Team |
Runs/9 |
ERA |
AVG. |
OBP |
WHIP |
IP |
HR |
BB |
K |
Texas
|
3.99 |
3.75 |
.240 |
.307 |
1.23 |
5.1 |
0.7 |
1.8 |
4.9 |
San Francisco
|
4.47 |
4.11 |
.260 |
.312 |
1.26 |
4.1 |
0.6 |
1.1 |
4.1 |
Relievers
Team |
Runs/9 |
ERA |
AVG. |
OBP |
WHIP |
IP |
HR |
BB |
K |
Texas
|
4.81 |
4.59 |
.234 |
.302 |
1.22 |
3.0 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
3.3 |
San Francisco
|
4.06 |
3.62 |
.231 |
.300 |
1.20 |
4.1 |
0.4 |
1.4 |
4.5 |
Texas Bullpen |
REST |
G |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
HR |
BB |
SO |
ERA |
WHIP |
GB:FB |
Grant Anderson (R)
|
5 |
21 |
29.2 |
30 |
16 |
16 |
3 |
9 |
28 |
4.85 |
1.31 |
26:15 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.2 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
3 |
6 |
9.82 |
2.18 |
0:1 |
Jose Leclerc (R)
|
4 |
35 |
35.1 |
25 |
14 |
12 |
4 |
17 |
37 |
3.06 |
1.19 |
15:26 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
6.00 |
0.33 |
3:3 |
Aroldis Chapman (L)
|
3 |
12 |
12.0 |
8 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
3 |
23 |
2.25 |
0.92 |
9:1 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
2:0 |
Will Smith (L)
|
3 |
42 |
42.0 |
26 |
15 |
14 |
3 |
10 |
43 |
3.00 |
0.86 |
23:33 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
6.00 |
1.33 |
3:1 |
Josh Sborz (R)
|
3 |
34 |
42.2 |
29 |
19 |
19 |
4 |
13 |
58 |
4.01 |
0.98 |
38:12 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0.00 |
0.33 |
2:1 |
Brock Burke (L)
|
2 |
37 |
46.0 |
43 |
16 |
14 |
7 |
6 |
36 |
2.74 |
1.07 |
38:42 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
5.0 |
6 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
5 |
3.60 |
1.20 |
4:5 |
Chris Stratton (R)
|
1 |
4 |
6.2 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
0.00 |
0.45 |
8:3 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
5.1 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0.00 |
0.38 |
7:3 |
Bullpen Total |
21 |
185 |
214.1 |
164 |
83 |
78 |
22 |
58 |
230 |
3.28 |
1.04 |
157:132 |
Last 3 |
|
21 |
26.0 |
20 |
10 |
10 |
4 |
6 |
30 |
3.46 |
1.00 |
21:14 |
Available Bullpen |
20 |
181 |
207.2 |
161 |
83 |
78 |
22 |
58 |
225 |
3.38 |
1.05 |
149:129 |
San Francisco Bullpen |
REST |
G |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
HR |
BB |
SO |
ERA |
WHIP |
GB:FB |
Cole Waites (R)
|
91 |
3 |
2.1 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
15.43 |
3.43 |
3:1 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
2.1 |
6 |
5 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
15.43 |
3.43 |
3:1 |
John Brebbia (R)
|
55 |
29 |
28.2 |
21 |
10 |
10 |
2 |
10 |
36 |
3.14 |
1.08 |
15:21 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
4.0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
0.00 |
0.75 |
2:3 |
Taylor Rogers (L)
|
3 |
44 |
39.1 |
24 |
13 |
11 |
4 |
19 |
46 |
2.52 |
1.09 |
26:19 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0.00 |
1.33 |
3:0 |
Tyler Rogers (R)
|
3 |
51 |
56.2 |
47 |
17 |
16 |
4 |
15 |
45 |
2.54 |
1.09 |
66:27 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
3.00 |
1.00 |
3:4 |
Camilo Doval (R)
|
3 |
52 |
52.0 |
34 |
18 |
14 |
2 |
19 |
71 |
2.42 |
1.02 |
42:17 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
0.00 |
0.67 |
3:2 |
Luke Jackson (R)
|
2 |
15 |
14.2 |
11 |
5 |
4 |
0 |
7 |
19 |
2.45 |
1.23 |
15:7 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
3.0 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
0 |
4 |
4 |
6.00 |
2.33 |
3:3 |
Jakob Junis (R)
|
2 |
30 |
63.1 |
72 |
33 |
31 |
11 |
17 |
73 |
4.41 |
1.41 |
56:31 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
7.0 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
1.29 |
0.86 |
7:6 |
Scott Alexander (L)
|
2 |
40 |
33.2 |
32 |
18 |
15 |
1 |
7 |
18 |
4.01 |
1.16 |
54:14 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
1.0 |
6 |
4 |
4 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
36.00 |
7.00 |
1:0 |
Sean Manaea (L)
|
1 |
28 |
77.2 |
70 |
52 |
44 |
8 |
29 |
94 |
5.10 |
1.27 |
67:26 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
6.1 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
9 |
1.42 |
0.63 |
6:3 |
Tristan Beck (R)
|
1 |
24 |
59.1 |
48 |
21 |
20 |
7 |
15 |
47 |
3.03 |
1.06 |
59:43 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
7.1 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
3.68 |
0.82 |
6:5 |
Ryan Walker (R)
|
1 |
29 |
40.1 |
37 |
13 |
11 |
5 |
11 |
44 |
2.45 |
1.19 |
39:18 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
2.0 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
3 |
4.50 |
2.00 |
1:1 |
Bullpen Total |
164 |
345 |
468.0 |
402 |
205 |
180 |
44 |
151 |
495 |
3.46 |
1.18 |
442:224 |
Last 3 |
|
33 |
42.0 |
37 |
20 |
17 |
1 |
17 |
42 |
3.64 |
1.29 |
38:28 |
Available Bullpen |
161 |
264 |
290.2 |
247 |
119 |
105 |
24 |
96 |
310 |
3.25 |
1.18 |
277:137 |
Texas All Starters |
REST |
G |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
HR |
BB |
SO |
ERA |
WHIP |
GB:FB |
Jon Gray (R)
|
5 |
20 |
113.2 |
102 |
51 |
47 |
13 |
39 |
95 |
3.72 |
1.24 |
100:67 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
14.2 |
21 |
11 |
9 |
0 |
6 |
16 |
5.52 |
1.84 |
9:10 |
Martin Perez (L)
|
4 |
21 |
109.1 |
125 |
64 |
60 |
18 |
41 |
70 |
4.94 |
1.52 |
114:72 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
12.2 |
16 |
8 |
8 |
1 |
5 |
8 |
5.68 |
1.66 |
9:16 |
Andrew Heaney (L)
|
4 |
22 |
113.0 |
100 |
57 |
52 |
19 |
45 |
118 |
4.14 |
1.28 |
91:74 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
16.2 |
10 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
5 |
18 |
1.62 |
0.90 |
16:11 |
Dane Dunning (R)
|
3 |
25 |
120.2 |
105 |
45 |
43 |
11 |
34 |
85 |
3.21 |
1.15 |
137:66 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
18.2 |
13 |
7 |
7 |
2 |
7 |
21 |
3.38 |
1.07 |
21:5 |
Max Scherzer (R)
|
2 |
2 |
13.0 |
10 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
15 |
2.77 |
1.08 |
10:8 |
Last 3 |
|
2 |
13.0 |
10 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
15 |
2.77 |
1.08 |
10:8 |
Jordan Montgomery (L)
|
1 |
2 |
12.0 |
13 |
4 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
11 |
3.00 |
1.25 |
12:9 |
Last 3 |
|
2 |
12.0 |
13 |
4 |
4 |
2 |
2 |
11 |
3.00 |
1.25 |
12:9 |
San Francisco All Starters |
REST |
G |
IP |
H |
R |
ER |
HR |
BB |
SO |
ERA |
WHIP |
GB:FB |
Ross Stripling (R)
|
5 |
17 |
67.1 |
75 |
40 |
39 |
15 |
11 |
55 |
5.21 |
1.28 |
75:30 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
15.2 |
17 |
5 |
5 |
2 |
0 |
13 |
2.87 |
1.09 |
18:6 |
Alex Cobb (R)
|
4 |
21 |
117.1 |
126 |
45 |
43 |
13 |
30 |
107 |
3.30 |
1.33 |
154:36 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
17.1 |
14 |
8 |
8 |
5 |
3 |
16 |
4.15 |
0.98 |
23:4 |
Logan Webb (R)
|
3 |
24 |
154.1 |
143 |
63 |
58 |
17 |
25 |
151 |
3.38 |
1.09 |
201:48 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
20.0 |
17 |
7 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
15 |
2.70 |
0.90 |
36:4 |
Scott Alexander (L)
|
2 |
40 |
33.2 |
32 |
18 |
15 |
1 |
7 |
18 |
4.01 |
1.16 |
54:14 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
2.2 |
4 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
10.13 |
1.50 |
3:1 |
Alex Wood (L)
|
2 |
18 |
67.1 |
64 |
39 |
36 |
9 |
33 |
55 |
4.81 |
1.44 |
69:44 |
Last 3 |
|
3 |
9.2 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
3 |
4 |
3.72 |
0.83 |
17:3 |
Umpire |
G |
W-L |
AVG |
PIT |
STR |
B |
STR% |
STR |
BB |
K/BB |
HR |
O/U |
Dan Merzel
|
22 |
13-9 |
6.32 |
273.77 |
176.55 |
97.23 |
64.5 |
15.3 |
5.8 |
2.63 |
1.91 |
8-14 |
Last 10 Games
Date |
Score |
Line |
O/U |
Road Starter |
Home Starter |
Aug 5, 2023
|
OAK 2 - SF 1
|
W +157 |
U
8.5
|
Ross Stripling (R)
|
Paul Blackburn (R)
|
Jul 30, 2023
|
STL 3 - CHC 0
|
W -129 |
U
8.5
|
Kyle Hendricks (R)
|
Steven Matz (L)
|
Jul 26, 2023
|
PHI 6 - BAL 4
|
W -106 |
O
9.5
|
Kyle Bradish (R)
|
Ranger Suarez (L)
|
Jul 15, 2023
|
ATL 5 - CHW 6
|
L -295 |
O
8.0
|
Lance Lynn (R)
|
Spencer Strider (R)
|
Jul 2, 2023
|
STL 5 - NYY 1
|
W -110 |
U
7.5
|
Gerrit Cole (R)
|
Jordan Montgomery (L)
|
Jun 27, 2023
|
BAL 1 - CIN 3
|
L -149 |
U
8.0
|
Andrew Abbott (L)
|
Tyler Wells (R)
|
Jun 23, 2023
|
CLE 1 - MIL 7
|
L -125 |
O
7.5
|
Wade Miley (L)
|
Shane Bieber (R)
|
Jun 23, 2023
|
BAL 1 - SEA 13
|
L -100 |
O
8.5
|
Logan Gilbert (R)
|
Kyle Gibson (R)
|
Jun 18, 2023
|
NYM 7 - STL 8
|
L -127 |
O
9.5
|
Matthew Liberatore (L)
|
Carlos Carrasco (R)
|
Jun 11, 2023
|
PIT 2 - NYM 1
|
W -128 |
U
8.5
|
Carlos Carrasco (R)
|
Mitch Keller (R)
|
Vs Scott Alexander (L)
Date |
Score |
Line |
O/U |
Road Starter |
Home Starter |
Pages Related to This Topic